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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Fiona Rayner, Shaun HiuORCiD, Dr Theophile BigirumurameORCiD, Dr Amy AndersonORCiD, Jon Prichard, Dr Moha ShojaeiORCiD, Professor Catharien HilkensORCiD, Professor Fai Ng, Professor Dawn Teare, Dr Arthur PrattORCiD, Dr Ken BakerORCiD, Professor John IsaacsORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ Group.Objectives Huge advances in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment mean an increasing number of patients now achieve disease remission. However, long-term treatments can carry side effects and associated financial costs. In addition, some patients still experience painful and debilitating disease flares, the mechanisms of which are poorly understood. High rates of flare and a lack of effective prediction tools can limit attempts at treatment withdrawal. The BIOlogical Factors that Limit sustAined Remission in rhEumatoid arthritis (BIO-FLARE) experimental medicine study was designed to study flare and remission immunobiology. Here, we present the clinical outcomes and predictors of drug-free remission and flare, and develop a prediction model to estimate flare risk. Design, setting and participants BIO-FLARE was a multicentre, prospective, single-arm, open-label experimental medicine study conducted across seven National Health Service Trusts in the UK. Participants had established RA in clinical remission (disease activity score in 28 joints with C reactive protein (DAS28-CRP)<2.4) and were receiving methotrexate, sulfasalazine or hydroxychloroquine (monotherapy or combination). Interventions The intervention was disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug cessation, followed by observation for 24 weeks or until flare, with clinical and immune monitoring. Outcome measures The primary outcome measure was the proportion of participants experiencing a confirmed flare, defined as DAS28-CRP≥3.2 or DAS28-CRP≥2.4 twice within 2 weeks, and time to flare. Exploratory predictive modelling was also performed using multivariable Cox regression to understand risk factors for flare. Results 121 participants were recruited between September 2018 and December 2020. Flare rate by week 24 was 52.3% (95% CI 43.0 to 61.7), with a median (IQR) time to flare of 63 (41-96) days. Female sex, baseline methotrexate use, anti-citrullinated peptide antibody level and rheumatoid factor level were associated with flare. An exploratory prediction model incorporating these variables allowed estimation of flare risk, with acceptable classification (C index 0.709) and good calibration performance. Conclusion The rate of flare was approximately 50%. Several baseline clinical parameters were associated with flare. The BIO-FLARE study design provides a robust experimental medicine model for studying flare and remission immunobiology.
Author(s): Rayner F, Hiu S, Melville A, Bigirumurame T, Anderson A, Dyke B, Kerrigan S, McGucken A, Prichard J, Shojaei Shahrokhabadi M, Hilkens CMU, Buckley CD, McInnes IB, Ng W-F, Goodyear C, Teare D, Filer A, Siebert S, Raza K, Pratt A, Baker KF, Isaacs J
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: BMJ Open
Year: 2025
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Print publication date: 01/04/2025
Online publication date: 09/04/2025
Acceptance date: 21/03/2025
Date deposited: 22/04/2025
ISSN (electronic): 2044-6055
Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
URL: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092478
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092478
Data Access Statement: Data are available upon reasonable request. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.
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